Nephrological and Rheumatic Complications of Checkpoint Inhibitors

The field of cancer treatment has been significantly transformed by the advent of targeted drugs that enhance the immune system, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) emerging as the forefront of this revolution. The therapeutic approach is grounded in the recognition that cancer cells possess the capacity to elude immune system eradication and escape immune cells that possess the capability to eliminate them. Generally speaking, ICPIs exhibit a reduced likelihood of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in comparison to traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, ICPIs have the potential to induce a distinct spectrum of autoimmune responses referred to as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The underlying etiology of these deleterious consequences is in the hyperactivation of the immune system. Early recognition and management of irAEs is crucial for ensuring patient safety and optimizing treatment outcomes. Hence, it is vital for physicians specializing in oncology to possess a comprehensive comprehension of these occurrences, as irAEs have the potential to impact multiple organs and systems.