Situational Awareness and Decision-Making in Maritime Operations: A Cognitive Perspective

The vulnerable part of our ever-changing socio-technical challenges in a dynamic environment such as maritime berthing operations is frequently the human and our intrinsic cognitive limitations. Human factors and human error have historically been, and still are, attributed as contributing factors to accidents and incidents in the maritime domain [1]. This study utilizes Goal-directed task analysis (GDTA) along with a qualitative research framework to explore complex situational awareness (SA) and decision-making during maritime berthing operations. Many theoretical frameworks have been developed by researchers to understand how human cognitive functions in a dynamic and constantly changing environment [2–5]. Endsley’s research framework was selected for this study based on its suitability, superiority, and applicability. Secondary research questions were also modeled and investigated to complement a more holistic understanding of the complex phenomena of situation awareness in the maritime domain. Utilizing non-probabilistic sampling, five experienced deck officers were interviewed using a semi-structured framework interview guide. The interview transcripts were analyzed using NVivo software. Findings showed 117 level 1 (perception), 32 level 2 (comprehension) and 15 level 3 (projection) information requirements. Secondary research showcased the top 3 factors negatively impact an individual’s SA are noise, wrongfully assessing external factors, and distractions. Effective communication, mutual understanding of tasks, and sharing of relative information were identified to be crucial factors in ensuring cooperation within the ship’s bridge team and improving situation awareness. The navigator’s reliance on information varies based on factors like experience, task clarity, and familiarity with equipment. The findings reinforce available literature, while the secondary research questions justify need for further research. Overall, the theory of individual and shared SA is not only reinforced but also subtly broadened by this study, proving its applicability in maritime operations.