This chapter starts with a short history of how the birth of the brain resulted in the birth of the computer. It goes on to describe the history of semiconductor scaling, how non-ideal scaling has led to an explosion in power density, and past efforts to curb rise in power. This is followed by an explanation from first principles of the transformation needed in both transistor and wiring structures to drastically cut power. In addition, it introduces neural networks and explains how their development can benefit from understanding how the brain is developed. It ends with a discussion of the goals and strategy of LSTC, Japan’s new semiconductor collaboration partnership, and what it can learn from two previous collaborative efforts.