Despite having enjoyed tremendous growth in the last 40 years, the global semiconductor market is poised to further accelerate its growth. Yet, Japan’s semiconductor industry has been stagnant. This chapter provides behind-the-scenes look at the bold efforts by the Japanese government, the domestic industry, and the University of Tokyo to revitalize Japan’s semiconductor industry. It explains the background and rationale for its determination and strategy, and introduces the key elements of the strategy—the pursuit of energy efficiency through 3D integration and shift to specialized chips, development efficiency, more people (democratization), and super-evolution following that of nature.