Operationalizing the Split-Beam Ionospheric Scintillation Model in GNSS RF Simulators: Geometrical Optics to Nakagami-M Distribution

This paper introduces the Split-Beam model, developed to simulate ionospheric scintillation effects on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The model dissects a radio signal into two components upon encountering ionospheric irregularities, cooperatively contributing to amplitude and phase scintillation. Through Monte Carlo simulations and scintillated GNSS RF signal simulation the model demonstrates its capability to replicate the empirical distribution of signal amplitudes, closely aligning with the Nakagami-m distribution, and the behavior of the receiver tracking loops tracking scintillated live satellite signal. Leveraging a combination of off-the-shelf and in-house instruments, our approach integrates readily available technologies with highly customizable instruments. The Split-Beam model addresses the limitations of traditional weak scattering models, particularly in deriving and explaining the Nakagami-m distribution and cross-correlation properties of real data. This paper also presents a variation of the Split-Beam model, employing geometrical optics to provide insights into the physical processes underlying scintillation and allow for realistic simulation of the scintillated RF signal in GNSS signal simulator. The application of the model extends to areas including ionospheric tomography, radio wave propagation, wireless communications, and remote sensing. By accurately modeling the scattering and attenuation effects in ionospheric scintillation, the Split-Beam model offers a methodological approach for signal analysis in GNSS and related fields. This work provides a foundation for improved understanding and simulation of ionospheric scintillation, contributing to the advancement of signal processing in atmospheric and astrophysical research.