Spectrometer; Mass Separator

ThisSpectrometersMass separators  chapter is an introduction to nuclear physics spectrometer and mass separator optical systems. Optical specificities are discussed, leaning on concepts and on theoretical material introduced in earlier chapters, or found in Optical Elements and Keywords (Chap.  14 ). The chapter begins with a brief overview of mass separation techniques and their use, and continues with a reminder of underlying beam optics principles. The simulation of mass separation requires essentially three optical elements from zgoubi library. DIPOLE[S] which allows for curved EFBs and field index; it also allows several, extended shimming pole plates; detector planes, in case they are located in the fringe field region of DIPOLE[S], can be introduced using the option IDRT (all this, inherited from the ab initio spectrometer design capabilities of zgoubi). QUADRUPOLE (or MULTIPOL) to simulate focusing elements, and DRIFT to simulate field-free sections. Beam monitoring relies on FAISCEAU, FAISTORE, IL = 2 flag, etc. Graphic treatment is performed using zpop or gnuplot, possibly resorted to via a SYSTEM call.