Non-deformable Nanoparticles and Transdermal Penetration

The disciplines of nanotechnology and nanoengineering have stimulated much research over the past two decades. This chapter considers the different types of non-deformable nanoparticles (NPs) which are sometimes considered in pharmaceutical formulations. Metal, metallic oxide, polymeric, starch, quantum dot (QD), and fullerene NPs are discussed. The focus is on those studies that have been conducted with human and porcine skin models in vitro and in vivo. Particular emphasis is given to whether there is evidence for disposition and transfer of intact non-deformable NPs in the skin. The methodology and experimental design of the various published studies are also critically examined. Finally, a theoretical perspective on the feasibility of intact NP skin penetration is presented. The overall lack of penetration of solid non-deformable NPs into the skin bodes well for the biocompatibility of these non-deformable NP-based formulations.