Diseases of the Pulmonary Veins, Venae Cavae and Coronary Sinus

This chapter deals with the venous return to the heart via the Pulmonary Veins, Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae, and Coronary Sinus. Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (congenital) is discussed in detail including the types (Supracardiac, Infracardiac and Infradiaphragmatic), hemodynamic changes, Echocardiographic findings, measurements, associated findings, signs and symptoms and treatment options. Pulmonary Venous Stenosis (Congenital or Acquired) is discussed in similar headings. Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava, Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, Inferior Vena Cava Syndrome are some of the other topics discussed in this chapter. Coronary Sinus Dilatation and Coronary Sinus thrombosis are also discussed in this chapter.