Cybersecurity Threats in Military Robotic and Autonomous Systems

The Russia-Ukraine war emphasised how digital technology and the information domain increasingly integrate into modern battlefields. The military strategy began using Robotic and Autonomous Systems (RASs) to enhance tactical and strategic advantages over conventional weaponry and kinetic military action. Evolution in these circumstances increased dependence on cyberspace, algorithms, automation, and robots, creating new opportunities and challenges. Using military RASs in physical warfare can provide relevant operational advantages and open new vulnerabilities, increasing a system attack surface. This research examines military RAS cybersecurity threats, potential vulnerabilities affecting the attack surface, and the importance of responsible and precise technical innovation. It is concluded that technological innovation in these systems must comply with cyber and broad security by design principles, military needs, and the rules of war. Military and political leaders must make educated decisions to maximise gains and minimise risks from complex combat technologies, with the military leadership promoting the revision of doctrine to accommodate new technologies on the battlefield.