Current Mode C Approaches in the Context of ‘Horizontal Geographies’

The Mode c approach to the world (at all levels) is characterized in a special way by the striving for the production of new knowledge, knowledge that is not only gained empirically, but also takes place through the organizing of knowledge (among many: Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed., 2 vols.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press (Original work published 1962).; Luhmann, N. (1990). Die Wissenschaft der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.; Popper, K. R. (1989). Logik der Forschung. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.). Accordingly, numerous theoretical approaches have been developed since the beginning of research into both space and landscape. In the following, these are presented in outline in order to facilitate an understanding of the further explanations on the development of a 'neopragmatic horizontal geography' (for more detailed overviews, see: Bourassa, The Aesthetics of Landscape, Belhaven Press, London, 1991; D'Angelo, P. (2021). Il paesaggio. Teorie, storie, luoghi. Bari: GLF editori Laterza.; Howard et al., The Routledge Companion to Landscape Studies, Routledge, London, 2013; Kühne, Landscape Theories. A Brief Introduction, Springer VS, Wiesbaden, 2019a;Kühne, Landschaftstheorie und Landschaftspraxis. Eine Einführung aus sozialkonstruktivistischer Perspektive (3., aktualisierte und, Springer VS, Wiesbaden, 2021;; Winchester et al., Landscapes. Ways of imagining the world, Routledge, London, 2003; Wylie, Landscape, Routledge, Abingdon, 2007).