Recent Advancements in the Green Synthesis of Bioactive Metallic Nanoparticles from Biological Entities and Their Biomedical Applications

In the field of nanotechnology, metallic nanoparticles are nanoscale materials produced from a cluster of atoms with various diameters ranging from 1 to 100 nm. The development of these bioactive metallic nanoparticles is a dynamic research area having great scientific interest and significance in applied research due to their unique properties and features. The biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using microorganisms has received more global attention than physical and chemical synthesis due to its eco-friendliness, lower energy consumption, non-toxicity, multifunctional nature, and broad application in biomedical sciences and engineering. In this review, we discussed the potential synthesis and characterization of bioactive metallic nanoparticles using biological entities from the soil and the marine, such as bacteria, algae, actinomycetes, fungi, yeasts, and viruses. Additionally, numerous factors that influence the structure and morphology of nanoparticles are also addressed. The objective of this paper is to provide a general overview of the current trends in nanoparticle development and the several changes in structural morphology due to the biological synthesis of various microorganisms, as well as the possible applications in the medical field.