Will the One Ring Hold? Defense AI in South Korea

South Korea sees artificial intelligence (AI) as central to its national vision, aiming to drive economic revitalization and bolster competitiveness. Backed by a history of state-led initiatives in technology and a robust information infrastructure, public support for AI and digitalization is widespread. The government's goal is to become an “AI powerhouse,” reflected in its national strategy likened to the “One Ring” from The Lord of the Rings, symbolizing a state-led technological utopia. Defense AI is integral to this vision, with the Ministry of National Defense focusing on modernizing the armed forces through AI integration. The government's approach emphasizes gradual development from recognition to decision intelligence, supported by establishing a National Defense AI Center and fostering a collaborative ecosystem. This strategy aims to break traditional defense procurement barriers and attract civilian talent from the information and communications technology (ICT) sector. Significant investment in AI development underscores this ambition. Efforts include integrating defense AI into surveillance, combat, and command and control systems, with plans for complex manned-unmanned combat systems and Joint All-Domain Command and Control Systems akin to US initiatives. South Korea also prioritizes education to nurture defense AI talent, collaborating with academic institutions and initiating specialized education programs. Military pilot units are designated to enhance human expertise in defense AI application, aligning with broader efforts to advance digital proficiency within the military. South Korea defense AI ambition benefit from robust government spending by the Ministry of Defense in cooperation with Ministry of Science and ICT.