Cardiovascular Diseases

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of various cardiovascular diseases and their ocular manifestations, including arterial hypertension, carotid-cavernous fistula, cardiac myxoma, atrial fibrillation, foramen ovale patens, and infective endocarditis. Authored by experts in the field, it covers classification, epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions, with a specific focus on ocular manifestations. Additionally, it underscores the necessity of comprehensive examination procedures and risk assessment, with a focus on overall cardiovascular risk determination.