Cartilage repair via effective therapeutic interventions remains a challenging area. Many basic and clinical studies are currently being conducted in pursuit of methods to regenerate damaged cartilage tissue and restore properties to those of normal tissue. Starting with the initial bone marrow stimulation method using microfracture approaches and then autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) using cultured chondrocytes became an innovative treatment which met with success. Subsequent innovations have continued with second and third generation approaches to further improve outcomes. As cell therapies using mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow and synovium are being evaluated, attention has also focused on humoral factors released from cells, new therapies using approach such as growth factors, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed, and less invasive nonsurgical treatment has become a topic of focus in recent years. Regenerative medicine using scaffolds, which do not use cells, also makes it possible to combine humoral factors, thereby expanding the range of treatment options. In the area of stem cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which are the focus of much current research in Japan, are also worthy of attention. Various other studies are underway that focus on the environment surrounding cartilage tissue and the origins of damage and degeneration, and there is potential for further development in the future. This chapter discusses these topics in some detail and offers suggestions for future directions for this clinically important research field of cartilage repair and regeneration.