Tribological Hurdles in Biomedical Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Examination

Manufacturing of biomedical device involves in-depth understanding of tribology and biology, biotribology. The word “tribology,” comes from ancient Greek. In this chapter, the focus is on challenges and future scopes of biotribology in the field of biomedical devices. Some of the problems while designing a biomedical device involve making the device nano, large-scale production of the device, inconsistency of quality of the device, use of chips in human organs(brain), high-cost manufacturing, mechanical biocompatibility, poor bioprinting mechanism, cell damage rate(high), the device user’s ability, etc. Here the discussion is about how to target each one of them with highly advanced techniques like using combination of 3D and 4D printing techniques, biomedical gadgets which incorporate gecko’s skin, bionic ears/eyes, biosensors, and microgels, biorobots, shark skin properties, biomimetic watery oil applications, lotus leaf surface, creepy crawly silk, and catfish skin bodily fluid, they are highly advance application and still lacking in understanding of their organic working and strategy of manufacture. Human factors engineering (HFE), role of voltametric sensors, internet of things (IoT) in healthcare, and binder jetting-based 3D printing also have contribution to biomedical device’s future. Using software like Autodock, Discovery studio, and Pyrx will help in recognizing the material (protein or ligand) in silico. It also helps in estimating the interaction that is taking place, such as bond types (protein-ligand interaction profiler) and their negative delta G prediction in nature (mimicking). Hence, minimizing the uncertainty of desired results. To target these future scopes various advanced techniques has been discussed in this chapter. The most commonly used techniques are biocompatible film technology, cost-effective techniques for CKD biodevice, non-invasive glucose monitoring devices technique, biosensing device techniques involving volumetric glucose sensors, optical or spectroscopy techniques for other detection purposes, cost-effective electrochemical voltametric sensors techniques, non-invasive glucose monitoring devices technique, three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques, ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) stereolithography printer technique, four-dimensional (4D) printing techniques, fabrication(techniques) of hollow self-folding 4D vascular tubes having shape memory by direct-ink-writing (DIW) printing techniques, technique for direct-write printing (DWP) of a vascular 4D scaffold by shape memory nanocomposites (SMNCs: Iron oxide (Fe3O4)), shape memory polymers (SMPs: PLA ink), and advanced biomedical techniques involving biorobots.