Azerbaijan–USA Relations: 1991–2003

This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of U.S.–Azerbaijani relations, focusing on the period from Azerbaijan’s early independence to 2003, with special attention to President Heydar Aliyev’s tenure. It traces the diverse phases and significant transformations that characterized these relations. In the initial years of independence, Azerbaijan faced diplomatic challenges due to factors such as the influential Armenian lobby, domestic political instability, a fragmented foreign policy, and limited expertise in international affairs. This resulted in an uneven U.S. approach, seemingly favoring Armenia, and treating Azerbaijan unfairly. The chapter analyzes the pivotal shift in U.S. stance toward Azerbaijan during Heydar Aliyev’s leadership. It delves into Aliyev’s meticulous efforts, which fundamentally altered Washington’s perspective on Azerbaijan, ushering in a new era in the bilateral relationship. The chapter also underscores the enduring strength of these relations under Aliyev’s guidance, which persisted beyond his presidency, showcasing their resilience in navigating various challenges and crises.