Exploring the Spatial Fabric of Urban Well-Being Through Geographically Weighted Techniques and PPGIS in Darjeeling, India

The purpose of this present study is to investigate the spatial distribution of urban well-being (UWB) in the town of Darjeeling, situated in the Himalayas and often referred to as the “Queen of Himalayas.” However, due to its multifaceted nature, quantifying UWB proves to be a highly intricate undertaking. Hence, this study aims to empirically measure the extent of UWB and explore its geographical pattern, association, and heterogeneity. Geographically Weighted Principal Component Analysis (GWPCA) was utilized in order to establish a dimensional spatial index for developing an Urban Well-Being Index (UWBI). The research evaluates UWB by employing a composite set of criteria that encompasses socio-economic factors, natural surroundings, public and infrastructure services, recreational-cultural-spiritual amenities, built-up characteristics, and emergency services. The findings reveal that overall UWBI levels in Darjeeling are suboptimal with several domains displaying deficiencies that negatively impact resident well-being. To validate these assessments and gain insights into local perspectives on UWB, a survey involving 238 respondents was conducted. Public Participation in GIS (PPGIS) technique were utilized for spatial mapping and to validate the final UWB index. By promoting a comprehensive understanding of resident well-being through this research endeavor contributes towards enhancing well-being and sustainability in hilly regions.