Cryopreservation Effect on Genetic/Epigenetic Function: Neonatal Outcomes

Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos is a common ART procedure, and it is known that there are differences in neonatal outcomes after a frozen embryo compared to a fresh embryo transfer. This chapter investigates the current evidence that is available regarding the potential impact of cryopreservation on epigenetics and genetics in neonates conceived after cryopreservation of gametes or embryos. Although cryopreservation results in changes observed at a molecular level, the clinical impact of these specific changes has not yet been clearly demonstrated in the neonate. Overall, further research is required to determine the mechanisms that underlie the differences in neonatal outcomes observed fresh and frozen embryo transfers and the potential role of epigenetics in neonatal and long-term outcomes following cryopreservation in ART.