Biogenic Nanoparticles Synthesis, Extraction, and Purification from Agro-wastes

Biogenic nanoparticles are microscopic particles produced by living beings such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. These particles can be shaped as spheres, rods, and tubes and are sized between 1 and 100 nm. Although the study of biogenic nanoparticles is still in its early stages, they have exhibited several benefits over their chemically-derived counterparts, in terms of sustainability and economic viability. Natural substances like enzymes, plant extracts, and plant pigments can be used to produce biogenic nanoparticles. Further, agricultural wastes such as crop residues can be repurposed to synthesize nanoparticles. By making use of agro-waste as raw materials, there have been numerous advantages, such as affordability, accessibility, and environmental friendliness. This paper focuses on synthesizing, extracting, and purifying biogenic nanoparticles derived from agro-wastes, which could replace chemically produced nanoparticles that harm human health and the environment due to their toxicity and non-biodegradability. While mentioning different approaches and procedures for isolating and separating biogenic nanoparticles from agro-waste, this paper also tackles the challenges encountered, such as impurities and low yields that can occur during the synthesis, extraction, and purification processes the possible solutions to these problems. The novelty of this paper lies in its comprehensive compilation of the production of biogenic nanoparticles using a diverse range of agro-waste materials, which has not been reported in the existing literature to the best of the author's knowledge. It evaluates their applications in a wide range of fields, such as healthcare, agriculture, and environmental remediation. In the last 5 years, significant research has been done on the subject, includingdeveloping new synthesis methods and discovering new biogenic nanoparticle systems and their characteristics. In conclusion, this paper intends to highlight the untapped potential of biogenic nanoparticles as a green and economical alternative to traditional methods and further explore solutions for global issues such as healthcare, food security, and environmental concerns using them.