France: State-Led Advancement of HE Internationalisation on National and European Fronts

This chapter explores how French HE internationalisation was impacted by Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic during the years of 2016 and 2021. First, the regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive repercussions of Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic are described. The identified stability and change patterns across the institutional dimensions allow a characterisation of the overall type of change (radical, partial, or none, see Chapter 4.3.3 ) associated with each disruption. The chapter concludes with a table compiling the results from both disruption case studies, thus presenting the full picture of developments in France during the age of disruption.