Evolving Definitions of Hate Speech: The Impact of a Lack of Standardized Definitions

Although studies in many fields have highlighted growing concern surrounding online hate speech, standardized definitions for what is considered to be hate speech are still lacking. This poses challenges for research studies and applied efforts to combat hate speech. This research conducted a three-pronged study to better understand the reasons behind this lack of consensus and to propose more effective ways of operationalizing hate speech. Reporting on this study, the existing literature on hate speech is scrutinized across various disciplines, examining scholarly perspectives and those of legal bodies. Subsequently, an analysis is conducted on the perspectives of social media platforms. Thirdly, this research presents examples of insights provided by adolescents who participated in the survey and focus groups conducted by Social Media and the Spread of Hate: Examining Exposure and Impact (SMASH), a research project collaborating with middle and high school students and their schools in the United States. Based on these inputs, this research concludes that while more closely defining hate speech is important, solely focusing on how to define hate speech in social media contexts is insufficient. To foster a healthier online environment, promote knowledge shaped by reliable information, and safeguard the well-being of adolescents, it is also necessary to identify how the various and evolving features of social media contribute to the promotion of hate speech and related behaviors.