Talaromycosis Caused by Talaromyces marneffei

Thermally dimorphic fungi Talaromyces marneffei (formerly Penicillium marneffei) is endemic across a narrow band of tropical countries of South and Southeast Asia. Talaromycosis is a significant infectious complication in HIV/AIDS patients and subjects with other immune defects. The symptoms and signs of disseminated T. marneffei infection are atypical, skin lesions can be a single or first-episode symptom of T. marneffei infection and has a strong suggestive role in the diagnosis of this disease. In the chapter, we summarize the new advance on epidemiology, clinical presentation, and the progress in the diagnosis and management of T. marneffei infection in order to shed light on the way to control the endemic mycosis.