Fixed Functional Appliances in the Management of Class II Malocclusion

Fixed functional appliances for the management of class II discrepancies have a long history in clinical orthodontics. The Herbst appliance is an established fixed functional appliance in common use throughout the world. However, in recent years a number of alternative designs have been described. This chapter will review the history of fixed functional appliances and describe some of the more recent innovations in the field, including the Eureka spring, Twin Force, Forsus, Modified Crossbow, MARA and Magnoglide appliances. The clinical applications for using these appliances will be discussed and clinical examples presented throughout.