► Chapter 1 presented the philosophical, mathematical, and engineering ideas that led to the creation of the artificial intelligence discipline. ► Chapter 1 also asked whether actions considered truly intelligent could be produced by a machine. Alan Turing’s (1950) test in the journal Mind was proposed as a possible answer to that question. ► Chapter 1 concluded by presenting the proposal for the summer workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956 to address Turing’s project of creating intelligent machines. ► Chapter 2 begins with a discussion of definitions for AI. The chapter then asks how various complex world situations might be represented on a computer. Finally, ► Chapter 2 introduces the primary research and application paradigms of current AI.