Archaeological Heritage at Risk: Poland’s Problem with Treasure Hunters

This chapter discusses the current legal framework for protection of cultural heritage, as well as threats to the archaeological heritage of Poland posed by the so-called ‘treasure hunters’, and how they are framed by the state. The majority of treasure hunters do not seem to seek artefacts for financial gain, but rather as a hobby, while some consider it their civil right and duty to assist in the uncovering of history. As evidenced by posts on treasure hunters’ online forums, a substantial percentage of participants believe that archaeologists and state cultural heritage management actors restrict access to the free discovery of its heritage, thereby contributing often to its destruction rather than protection. This situation has produced a tense and challenging relationship between archaeologists and amateurs, as well as a troubled sense of responsibility and understanding of heritage crimes. The chapter explores the origins of this unique situation as well as the complexities and ambiguities of compliance and defiance, legal and beyond.