Extracellular Matrix Isolation: Sources and Methods

The extracellular matrix (ECM) possesses unique properties potentially useful for in vitro and/or in vivo research and clinical purposes. The ECM can be obtained by using chemical, physical, and enzymatic methods. The isolation of specific ECM components is feasible, while the achievement of fully preserved ECM complexity, including the preservation of the interactions between the different matrix components, is the main goal of the most recent ECM isolation strategies. Multiple tissue-specific decellularization methods have been developed aiming to retain the native chemical composition and, in some cases, also the mechanical structure of the targeted tissue ECM. In this chapter, the most common methods and reagents used to achieve tissue decellularization are introduced. Then, ECM isolation techniques are summarized and discussed taking into account the specifically targeted sample sources as healthy tissues, tumors, or in vitro cell cultures. Finally, the clinical applications and commercial uses of isolated ECM are discussed.