Investigation on the Phytosociology and Soil Characteristics of Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in Northeast Morocco: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration

Biodiversity conservation relies on a thorough understanding of species and ecosystems. Phytosociology and soil studies are essential tools for comprehending plant communities and soil properties, enabling the development of effective strategies for preservation and restoration of ecosystems. In this study, we focused on the Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), a promising species for reforestation projects in mountainous areas. Its ability to adapt to different soil types and its ecological significance make it an attractive choice for ecosystem restoration. In this study conducted in northeast Morocco, phytosociology revealed the presence of several plant species associated with the Carob tree, contributing to biodiversity and ecosystem balance. Soil analysis provided detailed information on physicochemical characteristics, including a slightly alkaline pH, high electrical conductivity, significant organic matter content, and considerable levels of NPK nutrients. Additionally, trace mineral analysis showed the beneficial presence of iron, magnesium, zinc, and nickel, along with a moderate amount of sodium, while the toxic element cadmium was absent from the soil. Moreover, we performed X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to further characterize the structural properties of the soil. The XRD analysis revealed the presence of calcite and quartz peaks. These results offer valuable insights into the species associated with the Carob tree and facilitate the development of effective strategies for biodiversity conservation and restoration of endangered ecosystems.