Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis–Ekbom Disease

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) or Willis–Ekbom disease (WED) is a common sensorimotor disorder with a circadian pattern that is characterized by an urge to move the legs that is usually accompanied by uncomfortable leg sensations. RLS can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to other medical conditions. There is a strong association with both genetic and environmental factors. It is highly prevalent in the geriatric population. RLS patients suffer from poor sleep, mood and cognitive changes, and decreased quality of life. It is a treatable condition but is frequently misunderstood and misdiagnosed. The diagnosis is based on simple, well-established, and validated criteria. This chapter outlines the available treatment options—both nonpharmacological and pharmacological approaches and the evidence base for it. Nonpharmacological interventions that are commonly used include sleep hygiene practices, use of mentally alerting activities, and avoidance of triggering medications. Iron status should be determined with iron therapy offered if appropriate. About 15% of patients require pharmacological management. Management is determined by the severity, frequency of the symptoms, pharmacological profile, and other comorbid conditions.