Deployment Issues, Attacks, and Other Challenges

The deployment of TEEs has been fragmented and turbulent, raising significant concerns about their trust, compatibility, and resilience. Among these challenges, the closed-source, closed-access model followed by many TEE implementations continues to pose issues. Moreover, despite standardisation efforts, many TEEs remain largely incompatible with respect to other TEEs and computer architectures. In this chapter, we elucidate some of these problems, discussing deployment issues, such as fragmentation; pertinent attack vectors, such as side-channel and fault injections attacks; certification shortcomings, and ethical considerations.