Urinary tract infections are the most frequent surgical side infections occurring after urological and especially after endourological surgery leading to a high morbidity and mortality. Prior to the operation, urine culture should be obtained and if asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs, a preemptive treatment should be started. To reduce infectious complications both, non-antimicrobial as well as antimicrobial measures are recommended. The latter of which is routinely recommended in several more invasive surgeries where a breaching of the mucosa is suspected. Only in urethrocystoscopy, urodynamics, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy routine antimicrobial prophylaxis can be omitted.