In the chapter the main challenges of energy transition are presented primarily through the lens of social policy. As social policy is implemented at various societal levels, the chapter discusses modern and classical approaches that form the basis for understanding the orientations of sustainable transition: transit studies, sustainable economics, multi-level perspective, system-based approaches, principles of creating social policy, and sustainable social behavior theories. Sustainability studies in focus of energy transition represent an interdisciplinary issue, where it may be necessary to apply different theoretical frameworks and methods. The second part of the chapter is dedicated to case studies that demonstrate how some of the modern approaches can be applied to create sustainable energy transition policies.