Beyond Biology

In chapter 8, we focus on the dynamics of changes between rules and exceptions in sciences linked to biology and in other sciences further removed from it. Within the sciences related to biology, we can name changes in medicine such as the interpretations of rare diseases and changes in the conception of diseases such as autism and obesity. Changes also occur in the fields of physics, chemistry, geology, and astronomy. In sciences further removed from biology, we also find examples of a dynamic between rules and exceptions. Within the social sciences, changes in interpretations linked, for example, to original culturfes and the concept of family; in the field linked to art with changes about painting, music, literature, and calligraphy, for example, and changes in the interpretations of themes associated with sports and religion where knowledge and interpretations are also changing throughout the time.