Historical View: From First to the Sixth WHO Manual

Semen analysis remains the cornerstone of male infertility evaluation. The WHO “semen manual” is developed with the aim to standardize the procedures for the examination of human semen and provide guidance in the diagnosis and management of reproductive function in men. The sixth edition WHO manual functions both as an aid as well as a foundation for human semen examination and processing but is not intended to replace actual clinical management of male infertility. It is anticipated that this latest edition will be widely used as a teaching guide for both basic and more advanced semen analysis workshops and andrology training programs. Although there have been significant advances in the understanding of male reproductive health, the translation from basic science to clinical practice in the management of male infertility is still limited. Men with fertility risk factors or abnormal semen parameters should be referred to a male reproductive specialist for a comprehensive clinical evaluation, informed counseling, and evidence-based therapeutic interventions.