The Use of Ultrasound in Understanding Normal and Abnormal Evaluation of the Endometrium

The endometrium is a unique portion of the uterus. It consists of a basalis and a functionalis. Each month it undergoes a cyclical journey usually culminating in a menses, sometimes in a pregnancy. There are also aberrations of such a normal bleeding pattern—either structural (hyperplasias, polyps, myomas, occasionally even carcinomas) or non-structural (mainly hormonal in the form of anovulation). This chapter explores the utility of transvaginal ultrasound, sometimes requiring saline infusion sonohysterography to understand and aid in the diagnosis of normal and abnormal findings in the endometrium.