Role of Targeted Breeding to Improve Wheat Production on the Marginal Lands of Africa

Sustainable wheat production is challenged by rapid changes in climatic conditions and decreasing water security. Moreover, the ever-escalating global population puts further strain on agricultural systems, particularly on wheat, which is one of the main staple foods in the world. The demand for wheat is emphasized in Africa, where the population is rapidly increasing. Whilst wheat is cultivated in Africa, a large portion of the wheat consumed is imported. Increased wheat cultivation in Africa will improve food security and the African economy by reducing the need for wheat importation. However, for this to be achieved it is essential to expand wheat cultivation into marginal lands to ensure that adequate yield is generated, as the dwindling arable lands alone cannot support sufficient wheat cultivation to meet the demands of the growing population. Marginal lands are challenged by biotic and abiotic stressors. A key element to optimize cultivation of wheat on such lands is the introduction of resilient cultivars that can withstand and thrive under the harsh conditions imposed. Targeted breeding of wheat cultivars that can adapt to specific marginal environments are proposed to improve wheat yield in Africa. Moreover, it is proposed that landraces be considered as a treasure trove of traits of importance for wheat cultivation in sub-optimal agricultural lands. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of wheat cultivation in Africa with the prospect of expanding cultivation to marginal lands. Biotic and abiotic stresses imposed on marginal lands are discussed. Breeding strategies and beneficial traits that may be targeted for breeding are also outlined.