Congenital and Developmental Malformations of the Spine

We provide a systematic overview of spinal dysraphism, spinal inclusion cysts, Chiari malformations (CM), sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT), and associated syndromes. A brief discussion of the stages of embryologic development of the spinal canal and neural elements provides a framework for understanding the developmental errors that may occur at each stage. Spinal dysraphism is common, with an incidence of one to two cases per 1000 live births (Reghunath et al., Neurosurg Rev. 44:97–114, 2021; Grimme and Castillo, Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 17:1–16, 2007). A logical, systematic approach to comprehension of spinal dysraphism improves diagnostic accuracy, reporting, and familiarity with the complications associated with each malformation. The most important prognostic factor in spinal dysraphism is the level of involvement. Imaging plays an integral role in the early and accurate identification of congenital spinal malformations, which is crucial for surgical planning and monitoring the development of complications.