Sheeppox and goatpox are highly contagious viral diseases caused by viruses of the Capripoxvirus genus within the Poxviridae family. These diseases primarily affect sheep and goats, resulting in significant economic losses in livestock production due to high morbidity, elevated mortality rates, and trade restrictions. Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated materials, or mechanical vectors such as insects. Clinical signs include fever, skin nodules, pustules, and respiratory distress, often accompanied by systemic complications. Diagnosis is confirmed based on clinical symptoms, histopathological examination, serological testing, and molecular techniques like PCR. Clinically, it is not possible to distinguish between the diseases caused by sheeppox virus (SPPV) and goatpox virus (GTPV); thus, they are regarded as a single disease entity. Effective control strategies include vaccination, strict biosecurity measures, and quarantine protocols. Continued research and surveillance are essential for preventing outbreaks and improving vaccine efficacy.