Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus in the Retroviridae family that infects B lymphocytes, causing enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), the most common neoplastic disease in cattle. It leads to malignant lymphocyte proliferation and immune dysfunction, and significant economic losses worldwide. BLV spreads through infected blood, milk, and other bodily fluids, and its transmission can be controlled through testing, culling, and biosecurity measures. Diagnostic methods such as serological assays and PCR techniques are widely used for detection and monitoring. Vaccine development is ongoing, with challenges including the need for durable and comprehensive immune responses. Although no conclusive evidence links BLV to human diseases, its potential public health impact through dairy and beef products requires further study. Future research should focus on understanding BLV pathogenesis, improving diagnostics, developing effective vaccines, and implementing sustainable control strategies to minimize its global impact.