Single-Atom Catalysts for Metal-Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are recognized as a prospective contender for future-generation electrochemical energy storage technologies due to their high theoretical energy density, affordable price, and ecological sustainability. However, challenges such as the slow redox kinetics of sulfur species and the shuttle effect cause a significant amount of capacity loss and polarization. These problems have been addressed using a variety of methodologies, such as physical barriers, chemical adsorption techniques, and electrocatalysts, which have improved the rate capability and cycle performance of sulfur electrodes. Recently, the integration of single-atom catalysts (SACs) with high catalytic efficiency has been introduced in LSBs to expedite sulfur conversion kinetics, aiming to boost their conversion rates. This chapter provides a concise overview of recent advancements in enhancing the electrochemical performance of LSB cathodes through the incorporation of various SACs. It delves into the catalytic mechanisms employed by SACs and explores synthesis methods, including the spatial confinement approach and coordination design strategy. This chapter also discusses challenges in designing high-performance sulfur electrodes and proposes potential solutions.