Between Assimilation and Cultural Pluralism for Indigenous Livelihood and Entrepreneurship: Case of Lumad in the Philippines

This chapter examines the adoption of neo-liberal, assimilation practices, and the impact these have on the Lumad indigenous people of Mindanao facing marginalization and impoverishment. Assimilation happens when people who have power over indigenous people want them to look, live, and act like them without due consideration for indigenous culture, values, and practices. As multinational corporations (MNCs) play an increasingly significant role in international business in the neo-liberal world order, it is paramount to consider the neo-colonial aspects that negatively affect the livelihood and entrepreneurship of indigenous people. Using qualitative research, the study uncovers that violent assimilative policies have been exercised on the Lumad people by the government and its stakeholders including the non-governmental organizations (NGOs). There is a lack of cultural pluralism to embrace the values and practices of indigenous people and the lack of support by the government and the NGOs to enable them to succeed in their lives.