Introduction

Nowadays, batteries are not only a ubiquitous power device for portable electronics, but also becoming the most promising candidate for powering electrical vehicles and large-scale energy storage systems. Shifting electricity production from burning fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources is essential to the modern industrial society. Sustainable energy sources, including tidal energy, wind energy, solar energy, and biogas, generate electricity according to the time and climatic condition. Thus, batteries as energy storage technologies are required for the utilization of electricity produced by sustainable energy sources.