Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by chronic, pervasive, and impairing symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that impairs an individuals’ functioning in at least two settings (e.g., home, school, and work). The prevalence of ADHD among adults in the United States ages 18–44 years is reported to be 4.4%. Given the chronic nature of ADHD and its association with adverse employment, relationships, and overall health outcomes, regular clinic visits with an adult provider are necessary to monitor individuals’ treatment, assess for comorbidities, and ensure optimal outcomes across settings and across the lifespan. This chapter provides a scoping review of the literature on ADHD from diagnostic criteria, assessment in primary care settings, etiology, and alterations in pathophysiology. The chapter ends with considerations for physicians for treatment options, including medication and recommended therapeutic options available to support the functioning of adults with ADHD, and guidance for monitoring progress made during treatment.