Association Between Household Location (Urban versus Rural) and Fundamental Care Provided to Domestic Dogs (Canis Familiaris) in Northern Ireland

This study aimed to generate information regarding living conditions (e.g. indoors and outdoors, living space available), fundamental care (e.g. feedingFeeding and exercise) and owners’ perceptions of dog’sDog preferences (e.g. living conditions) in the urban and rural areas of Northern Ireland via a cross-sectional survey questionnaire. The responses were collected from May to August 2022, at 24 locations across Northern Ireland, including 15 agricultural shows and livestock markets and nine large supermarkets (single supermarket chain) located in an area of the show or market grounds. In all, 548 questionnaires were collected and after exclusion of questionnaires with missing or incomprehensible responses, 507 questionnaires were included in the final database. Out of 507 questionnaires, 264 respondents resided in a city while 243 respondents resided on farms. The majority of respondents from the city locations perceived their dogsDog as pets,Pet while those living on farms regarded their dogsDog as working animalsAnimal. The populations of dogsDog in the city locations and on the farms in this study were similar regarding the age range and numbers of the animalsAnimal, but more female dogsDog were spayed in the city locations than on the farms. Most respondents in this study, regardless of their householdHousehold location, declared that they did not monitor their animal’s body weight or body condition. When feedingFeeding their dogsDog, the respondents from the city locations were predominantly following veterinary advice or instructions on foodFood labels. On the other hand, the respondents from farm locations mostly reported that they fed their dogsDog based on ‘a visual inspection of dogDog condition’; this type of feedingFeeding was associated with a certain type of householdHousehold occupancy (more frequent in single and adults only householdsHousehold) and respondents’ employment status (more frequent by retired and those managing the home). The living conditions of dogsDog in city and farm locations in this study were different, namely dogsDog in the city were kept predominantly indoors with access to outdoors while dogsDog from farm locations were kept predominantly outdoors. The dogsDog were reported to be walked daily for a shorter time (up to 1 h/day) in the city locations and longer on the farm locations (1–2 h/day). Regardless of householdHousehold location (city versus farm) respondents believed that exercise needs depend on animalAnimal age, body condition and medical condition, that dogsDog need to be kept active by owners to keep them fit, that dogsDog cannot self-regulate the amount of foodFood they eat daily, and finally that walking with a dogDog a few times a day is difficult due to other commitments. On the other hand, the respondents from farm locations more often believe that dogsDog can get all the exercise they need by themselves if kept outdoors and they are happier with living outdoors, while the respondents from city locations believed that dogsDog are happier with living indoors. In conclusion, the results of this study have shown a number of differences in basic care and perception of dogsDog kept in city locations and on farm locations. Further studies are required to understand the provision of healthHealth care and fulfilments of all welfareWelfare needs of the dogsDog kept on farms.