Laboratory Studies, Neuroimaging, and Neuropsychological Testing

Laboratory studies, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological testing enhance physical examination findings. A systemic medical workup is even more important when patients present with atypical symptom profiles, new psychiatric manifestations occurring later than the typical onset ages in the general population, or treatment-resistant symptoms. In this chapter, we review common laboratory tests, with reference intervals and corresponding medical correlates, selected neuroimaging studies, and neuropsychological evaluation approaches that are helpful when caring for older adults. We propose a novel framework, by classifying laboratory tests and neuroimaging studies into three categories: must-do (necessary to confirm diagnosis), supporting (optional but not necessary, will only corroborate clinical diagnosis), and not helpful (will not provide additional relevant information, increase costs, and may cause patient anxiety and discomfort).