Happening Now: Systems Experiencing Extreme Change and Multiple Stressors
摘要
This chapter examines how the stressors of the world’s oceans, temperature, hypoxia, HABs, and ocean acidification combine to alter phytoplankton composition and dynamics. Several case studies are described to illustrate not only how stressors interact, but also how the complexity of stressors may differ for ocean and estuarine ecosystems.