Biological Pathways of Risk

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This chapter provides an overview of the biological pathways of CVD risk. Molecular contributions to CVD risk may provide an insight into the mechanisms of CVD and individualized risk. The immune system plays a major role in the promotion of CVD development, progression, and exacerbation. Dysregulation of neurohormonal systems, including the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), contributes to many pathophysiological processes in CVD. Metabolic risk factors, such as insulin resistance and adiposity, are the major contributors to CVD risk. As many of these biological pathways are driven by modifiable risk factors, understanding the role of these pathways in CVD risk reduction can help nurses and clinicians identify individuals who are at a higher risk, provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of the diseases, and develop personalized prevention and treatment strategies.