Mechanism of Spanwise and Lambda Vortex Formation

As stated in the preface, the primary goal of this book is to elucidate the mechanism behind hairpin vortex formation in a natural boundary layer transition. Our intention is to provide a comprehensive understanding within the confines of this specific scope. In the context of natural boundary layer transition for incompressible flow, the process begins with the appearance of the unstable Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S) wave.