Thrombotic Disease in Thrombosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) Recipients

In patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantationHematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) (HSCT), different risk factors can be numbered based on the type of thrombotic event. The risk factors that may increase incidence of venous thromboembolismVenous thromboembolism (VTE) includes’ cancersCancer, prolonged immobility caused by hospitalization, cytotoxic chemotherapyChemotherapy or radiotherapy, infectious diseases, traumatic brain events, and graft-versus-host diseaseGraft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) (GVHD). In the case of Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), risk factors are divided into pre- and post-transplantation factors, and some pharmaceutical factors are also involved. Young age of the recipient, liver damage or a previous liver transplantation, underlying diseases, history of abdominal or liver radiationRadiation, and exposure to hepatotoxic drugs. Regarding the incidence of various thrombotic events, it can be different depending on the type of risk factors and the type of transplant as well as the diagnostic criteria. In general, the incidence of thrombosisThrombosis in allogeneic transplants is higher. In the studies conducted, the incidence of thrombotic events in HSCT patients may vary between 8 and 20%. No specific recommendations exist for diagnosing and treating HSCTHematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) recipients complicated by VTE, with the consensus extrapolated from cancerCancer-associated VTEVenous thromboembolism guidelines. Several prediction models to enhance diagnostic accuracy have been presented; nonetheless, none of them has externally been validated. The higher bleeding tendency and incidence of thrombocytopenia necessitate a balance between bleeding and thrombotic risks. Although low-molecular-weight heparin is still considered the classic anticoagulation agent for primary and secondary prophylaxis, recent studies have shown promising efficacy and safety for direct-acting oral anticoagulants. In symptomatic catheter-related thrombosisCatheter-Related Thrombosis, anticoagulation is usually enough, and catheter removal is reserved for concomitant infection or catheter dysfunction.