Evaluation and Perspective of the Thermal Treatment Technologies of Medical Waste for Energy and Value-Added Products

Medical Waste management poses a considerable challenge due to its hazardous nature and environmental concerns associated with its disposal in the healthcare industry. Thermal treatment technologies are sustainable and viable methods for the disposal of medical waste along with value-added energy products. This paper focuses on thermal treatment technologies such as incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification, and their potential to convert medical waste into energy and value-added by-products. Firstly, the current challenges and complexities in the thermal treatment technologies of medical waste were critically examined, and issues related to efficiency, regulatory compliance, emissions, environmental impact, and cost and economic viability were especially highlighted. Secondly, this analysis elucidated the regulations and innovative solutions to address these challenges. Finally, this evaluation concluded by offering perspectives on advancements in the field regarding technological innovations, resource recovery, energy generation, and environmental sustainability along with future challenges to waste reduction, technological integration, regulatory evolution, climate and health, and emerging waste streams paving for the sustainable management of medical waste and future research. In this exploration, it is aimed to provide insights into thermal treatment technologies for policymakers, environmentalists, and researchers working to address the critical issue of medical waste disposal while promoting sustainability and resource recovery.