Classifications, Sources, and Significant Features of POPs in Aquatic Environment with Special Reference to Dirty Dozen

An in-depth comprehension of the classifications, characterizations, and bioaccumulative properties of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have become global issues due to bioaccumulation, persistency, and toxicity, is addressed. Literary concept on POPs is discussed in detail. The milestones of development of pesticide application, industry, and management are represented. Banned POPs: the dirty dozen and nasty nine, according to the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (SC-POPs), have special investigations. Natural and anthropogenic sources of POPs are highlighted. The molecular diagnostic ratio (MDR) to identify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources is highlighted. Many biopesticides assigned by the US Environmental Protection Agency are reported. POPs can be categorized into three common classes: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides (herbicides, fungicides, and bactericide), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Reproductive problems, immunological and neurological illnesses, cancer, and endocrine disruption are some of the most well-known harmful health outcomes linked to POP toxicity. The primary fate of POPs in the marine environment is through atmospheric deposition at the air-sea interface. A second important route for POPs is when they attach to settling particles in municipal or industrial effluents and are deposited in the bottom sediment. The key processes that control the fate of POPs are air-sea exchange, ocean currents, phase distribution, and degradation.